the ATC-N06A drug group, in terms of costs and effects. The Swedish Dental and Pharmaceutical Benefits Agency (TLV), a central government agency that determines whether a pharmaceutical product shall be subsidized by the state, has specifically investigated the use of antidepressants, i.e. Specifically, regarding first-line drugs targeting psychiatric disorders, defined as pharmacy sales price excluding VAT, it has been estimated that antidepressants comprise almost 60 % of the total drug costs followed by antipsychotics, hypnotics, sedatives and anxiolytics. The annual cost of psychiatric disorders in Sweden has been estimated at euro (EUR) 9.4 billion, where the sum of direct costs, including the cost of drugs, comprises approximately 20 % of the total costs. It is difficult to estimate the specific costs for SRMD alone compared to other psychiatric diagnoses. Similarly, prevalence figures of up to 20 % have been reported for perceived exhaustion and related symptoms, with an estimated ratio of 1:2 for self-reported exhaustion among men and women respectively. the life-time prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in the general population has been estimated at about 6 %, with twice as many women as men affected. The prevalence of SRMD varies among different disorders and contexts. The Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare has estimated that 20-40 % of the population suffer from mental ill health, ranging from mild to severe disorders. For new sickness and activity compensation in Sweden in 2012, psychological disorders constituted the most prevalent diagnostic group among both women and men across almost every age group, ranging from 25 to 30 % among those granted compensation in the oldest age group, up to 85 % in the youngest age group. Įvidence of the heavy burden of mental ill health in Sweden can be found in the increase and predominance of psychological disorders among people with sickness absence and those receiving compensation for sickness or activity loss.
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The concept of SRMD, referring to code F43 in the International Classification of Diseases version 10 (ICD-10), involves short- and long-term reactions to severe stress including post-traumatic stress disorders, adjustment disorders with depressive reactions and other reactions to severe stress such as exhaustion disorder or other emotional disturbances. The individual and societal burdens of mental ill health, including stress related mental disorders (SRMD), are significant.
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The overall disease loads were generally stable within both cohorts over time, except that the CC cohort had increased visits registered with an ICD-10 F-chapter diagnosis the year after index.
![select art boards in mapublisher select art boards in mapublisher](https://csldallas.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Vision-board-circle-of-life-2021-csldallas.jpg)
During the same time periods there was a general increase in prescriptions and costs of first-line drugs within the CC cohort. The overall change in drug prescriptions and costs during the investigated periods, both for the 90-days before/after and for the 180-days before/after the index visit, showed a general decrease within the AIC cohort with significantly less prescribed anxiolytics and hypnotics/sedatives. At baseline, the prescription of first-line anxiolytics and antidepressants were not statistically different between groups whereas the prescription of antipsychotics and hypnotics/sedatives were lower for the AIC cohort.
![select art boards in mapublisher select art boards in mapublisher](https://i.stack.imgur.com/fmqLG.jpg)
There were no statistically significant differences between the AIC ( n = 161) and the CC ( n = 1571) cohorts in terms of background characteristics and the overall disease loads were similar between the groups the preceding year.